Organoids, three-dimensional (3D) in vitro models derived from patient tissues or stem cells, have developed into transformative tools in oncology by recapitulating the structural, genetic, and functional heterogeneity of native tumors. move from fundamental research to clinical application. This review outlines key applications of organoids in cancer research, including tumor modeling, high-throughput drug screening, immunotherapy evaluation, and dissection of metastatic mechanisms. Case studies of various cancers highlight their ability to preserve patient-specific genomic alterations and predict treatment outcomes. Although challenges remain in many areas, multidisciplinary advances in bioengineering and multi-omics integration are expected to overcome these limitations, demonstrating the unprecedented potential of this technology.
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